THE INTERNATIONAL CHILD AND YOUTH CARE NETWORK


THEME FOR THE YEAR 2000
Relationships & Mentoriing

 

This section of the web site is devoted to material which is accumulating as members and visitors contribute to the discussion on the theme of RELATIONSHIPS. You are welcome to use the INPUT section to make your own contribution.



Introduction

Establishing meaningful contacts requires energy-laden outreach as well as time and space for the persons who await connections. It is essential that time is allowed to incorporate the interactive experience step-by-step. This means repeated pauses in verbal input, in the exchange of eye contacts, and in the nature of physical and spatial approachment (Maier, 1987, Introduction, chap. 1, 2; Tronick, 1980).


Readings
The following readings are available on this web site:

Austin, D. and Halpin, W. (1987) Seeing "I" to "I": A phenomenological analysis of the caring relationship. Journal of Child Care. Vol.3 No.3 pages 37—41.

Role' interaction and 'person-to-person' interaction
A brief extract from a chapter entitled 'Residential work problems with wider implications'
in Beedell, C. (1970) Residential Life with Children. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul

Barends, A and Harper E, Relationships and Play CYC-ONLINE, December 1999 (www.cyc-net.org/cycol-1299-barends.html)

Fewster, G. (1987). The paradoxical journey: Some thoughts on relating to children. Journal of Child Care, 3 (3), 1-8.

Gannon, B. The Process of Engaging with young people CYC-ONLINE, April 1999. (www.cyc-net.org/cycol-0499-engage.html)

Krueger, M. A. (1991). Coming from your center, being there, meeting them where they're at, interacting together, counselling on the go, creating circles of caring, discovering and using self, and caring for one another: central themes in professional child and youth care. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 5(1), 77-87.

Lodge, B. Letter to a Kid. CYC-ONLINE, February 1999 (www.cyc-net.org/letterkid.html)

Maier, H. W. (1988). Establishing meaningful contact with children and youth. Journal of Child and Youth Care. Special Issue, 1-6.

Miller, J. Ending relationships: How do you say goodbye? CYC-ONLINE, May 1999 (www.cyc-net.org/cycol-0599-goodbye.html)

Parry, P. (1985) Relationships: a wide angle perspective. Journal of Child Care, 2 (4) 1—9

Young, S. Self-awareness. CYC-ONLINE, December 1999. (www.cyc-net.org/cycol-1299-self-awareness.html)

Relationships — we have to begin somewhere!


Discussion
Relationships have been discussed from time to time by members of CYC-NET's e-mail discussion group. 
VIEW THIS DIGEST HERE.


References
This includes a section on mentoring care leavers

Yalom, Irvin D.  (1996)  Lying on the Couch.  
Basic Books ISBN 0-465-04295-3

Written as a story, this book follows the struggles of a therapist as he moves from a traditional psycho-analytic method of working with people to a more immediate relationship and process focused model. 

In this book, Yalom, who was also the author of Love's Executioner and When Nietzsche Wept, tells an interesting and gripping story, while at the same time teaching us about the struggles of changing to a model of helping which attends to the immediate. Frankly, it is one of the best books I have ever read about therapeutic relationships. I wish I had read it at the beginning of my career.  — Thom Garfat
________________

You can buy this book now through our specialist on-line child 
and youth care Bookstore. Just click on the book or title below ...

Lying on the Couch : A Novel  
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Irvin D. Yalom / Paperback / Published 1997
 

Brammer, L. M. (1996). The helping relationship: Process and skills.  Toronto, Allyn & Bacon.

This updated version of the book includes a section on crisis management. The primary focus is one of helping others by promoting self-help, self-confidence, and coping competence that helps them to solve their own problems and draw on their own inner strengths. The author specifies a set of skills and guidelines for applying a helping philosophy ethically and effectively. He distinguishes between professional and non professional helping processes and covers use of helping skills in cross-cultural contexts and multiethnic settings. $37.00 US

Wood, M. M. and N. Long (1991). Life-space intervention: Talking with children and youth in crisis.  Austin, Tx., Pro-ed, Inc.

Good detail on life space interviews. Looks at purposes of the life space interview and its various uses. Also useful for crisis management. $46US

Moursund, J. (1993). The process of counseling and therapy.  Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall Inc.

A good overview of counselling skills. Includes an excellent section on crisis intervention. Presents principles of good counseling/therapy --those which apply across specific theoretical positions. Features an unusually detailed chapter on termination of therapy. $28US

Ivey, A. E. (1994). Intentional interviewing and counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society.  Pacific Grove, Calif, Brooks/Cole.

Overview of the skills involved in counselling. Includes relevant information on cross cultural issues. Discusses the process of interviewing and considerations in the interview. Includes a section on the difference between counseling and interviewing.

Egan, G. (1994). The skilled helper: A systematic approach to effective helping.   Pacific Grove, Calif., Brooks/Cole.

Revised and updated. Good summary chapter on the problem solving model. Three stage model used, action focused.

Brendtro, L. K. and A. E. Ness (1983). Re-educating troubled youth: Environments for teaching and treatment. Hawthorne, NY, Aldine De Gruyter.

Describes positive peer culture as a group intervention technique. Also discusses the life space interview, crisis management, and social skills training.

Hutchins, D. E. and C. C. Vaught (1997). Helping relationships and strategies. Pacific Grove:Ca., Brooks/Cole.

Organised into 4 sections: Understanding self/others, Building blocks of the effective Interview, the Problem-Solving Process, Professionally assisted strategies for client change. Uses an integration of techniques from a wide range of approaches with a concentration on solution focused therapy. Uses the Thinking/Feeling/Acting model.

Orton, G. L. (1997). Strategies for counseling with children and their parents. Pacific Grove:CA., Brooks/Cole.

Based on Adlerian counselling, the book is organised into 3 sections: Understanding children and their families, counselling/therapy issues and finally family/parent counselling to bring about change in children's behaviour. $61.95 US

Fraser, M. W. (1997). Risk and resilience in childhood: An ecological perspective.  Washington D.C., National Association of Social Workers Press.

The authors use a perspective that argues that there are multiple systems of influence on a child's life. Examining multiple risk issues such as ADHD, substance use, delinquency, child maltreatment they identify risk and protective factors across three inter-related systems domains. Each chapter addresses the risk and protective factors for a specific issue; variations according to race, age, ethnicity, and gender; assessment methods; and the implications for prevention and intervention.

Stein, J. A. (1995). Residential treatment of adolescents and children : Issues, principles, and techniques.  Chicago, Nelson-Hall.

Covers residential treatment issues including learning theory, group dynamics, behavior modification, therapeutic crisis intervention, runaways, staff burnout and poor public perceptions. This book offers an excellent summary and update of the key principles of residential treatment outlined by Redl and Wineman in their classic works from the 1950's. $35.95 US

Durrant, M. (1993). Residential treatment : A cooperative, competency-based approach to therapy and program design.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co.

Espouses a cooperative, competency-based, solution-focused approach to residential treatment. Explores the creating a context of transition, growth, and behavioural experimentation within residential treatment. Discussion of how families perceive themselves when a child is placed in care, and how to shift from a negative view to one that accepts residential treatment as a process towards new growth. $28US

Steele, W. and M. Raider (1991). Working with families in crisis: School-based intervention.  New York, Guilford Press.

This is written specifically for school personnel taking into account the constraints of work in the schools and presents a flexible, time-limited approach for assessing and intervening with families in crisis. $21US

Hoff, L. (1995). People in crisis : Understanding and helping. S an Francisco, Jossey-Bass.

Includes chapters on helping self-destructive people, violent individuals, self-image and health threats, AIDS, developmental stressors. $31US

Hughes, D. A. (1997). Facilitating developmental attachment : The road to emotional recovery and behavioral change in foster and adopted children.  Northvale, N.J., Jason Aronson.

Based on an attachment theory approach to intervention this text presents the theoretical rationale for such an approach to treatment and offers definitions of the roles played by child, therapist and parent. The goals for therapy in an attachment approach are presented and specific therapeutic interventions with both children and parents are described and illustrated with case studies. Parenting techniques are appropriate for natural parents and/or foster parents working with children with attachment disorders. $40US

Malchiodi, C. A. (1997). Breaking the silence: Art therapy with children from violent homes. New York, Brunner/Mazel.

This is an outstanding resource that provides the guided direction needed to give traumatized children the opportunity to find relief from the terrors of their traumas. Author presents the use of art therapy with clarity and simplicity, so that therapists can learn the use of this tool in their work with children who have been abused. $32US

Donovan, D. M. and C. A. McIntyre (1990). Healing the hurt child: A developmental-contextual approach. New York, W.W. Norton & Co.

The authors critically review the theoretical assumptions of Freudian psychotherapy and Piagetian theory of cognitive development. They suggest that children have an interactive style of understanding the world and a logic that can only be understood in the context of child's life experience. Thus, apparent gaps in the child's development can be resolved using metaphorical interaction in the playroom without requiring self-awareness on the part of the child. They offer an excellent discussion of the shortcomings of the DSM IV and the tendency of professionals to persist in the use of inappropriate labels. Detailed case histories to illustrate play therapy techniques that involve both child and family are included. Special attention is given to therapeutic approaches to abuse, learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, and difficulties with attachment. $35US

Smith, S. C. and M. Pennells (1995). Interventions with bereaved children.  London, England ; Bristol, Pa., Jessica Kingsley.

Covers different approaches to working with bereaved children including drama and play therapy in a variety of environments including schools, hospitals, and residential settings. Topics covered include family, group and individual therapy and working with children with learning disabilities. $29.50US

Webb, N. B. (1993). Helping bereaved children: A handbook for practitioners.  New York, Guilford Press.

Presents the theoretical principles that guide interventions and detailed descriptions of the helping process. Grounded in developmental psychology, the book presents a range of intervention approaches from counseling to therapy. A unique, two-column format provides the reader with not only the content of the sessions, but also the practitioner's accompanying thoughts and rationale for intervention. Part I presents a theoretical framework that offers insight into the child's view of death, and guidance for assessment and treatment. A variety of treatment modalities are presented, including family therapy, individual play therapy, and group bereavement counseling. The third part covers deaths that affect communities of children, such as the death of a neighborhood friend, classmate, or teacher. $32.50US

Krueger, M. (1987). Floating,  Child Welfare League of America.

A novel about child and youth care practice. Addresses teamwork, self-awareness among other topics.

Durrant, M. (1995). Creative strategies for school problems: Solutions for psychologists and teachers.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co.

Using examples based within the school system, the author makes use of solution focused therapeutic strategies to describe how children and youth with school behaviour problems can be helped to successfully change their behaviour. An overview of the principles and history of solution focused strategies is presented along with a detailed discussion on the solution focused approach to assessment and goal setting. US $23.00

Wiehe, V. R. (1996). Working with child abuse and neglect.  Thousand Oaks:Ca., Sage.

Provides an historical overview of child abuse and an evaluation of the current literature. The authors provide an excellent set of conceptual definitions of neglect, emotional maltreatment, physical abuse, and sexual abuse and address the differences in these abuse assessments according to age. Case examples are used to help explicate issues. They explain how to apply concepts and techniques in child abuse and neglect and provide a list of bibliotherapy materials. $48US $24 US

Fewster, G. (1990). Being in child care: A journey into self,  Haworth.

Meadowcroft, P. and B. A. Trout (1991). Troubled youth in treatment homes : A handbook of therapeutic foster care.  Washington, D.C., Child Welfare League of America. $23US

James, B. (1989). Treating traumatized children: New insights and creative interventions.  Lexington, Mass., Lexington Books.

Assessment and treatment of children who have witnessed violence and/or who are victims of physical and/or sexual abuse and divorce. $37US

Savicki, V. and R. Brown (1985). Working with troubled children,  Human Sciences Press.

Beker, J. and D. Magnuson (1996). Residential education as an option for at-risk youth.  Binghampton, NY, The Haworth press.

An excellent review of this book by Henry Maier is available in Child and Youth Care Forum, Vol.26(#2), April, 1997. The book provides examples of programs from Israel and Europe that employ an educational rather than a treatment approach to care. The authors suggest a shift from a psychopathological model to one were the client is viewed as undergoing a developmental process and the task of the child and youth care practitioner is to teach adolescents rather than treat dysfunction. $40 US

Applestein, C. D. (1994). The Gus chronicles: Reflections from an abused kid.  Needham, Mass., Albert E. Trieschman Center.

A fictitious account of an abused child's experiences in a residential treatment center. It is an interesting child's-eye-view of residential treatment and is a good companion to "The Other 23 Hours", Trieschman & Brendtro's classic work.

Selekman, D. (1993). Pathways to change: Brief therapy solutions with difficult adolescents.  New York, Guilford Press.

Pathways to Change includes many helpful features that enable practitioners to conduct effective brief therapy successfully with difficult adolescents and their families. The author provides detailed guidelines for therapeutic task design and selection, purposeful systemic interviewing, empirically based strategies for engaging difficult adolescents, and ways to collaborate with other involved professionals. He also includes a method for how to conduct a solution oriented parenting group, which can be utilized as an alternative to regular family therapy. (Author)

Brammer, L. M. and G. MacDonald (1999). The helping relationship: Process and skills.  Toronto:, Allyn and Bacon.

"The basic purposes of The Helping Relationship: Process and Skills are to describe in non-technical language the human helping process and to provide a road map through the complex concepts and research on helping. The organizing idea of this book is that all help is aimed at self=help. The focus is on empowering the person to solve his or her own problems," (author)

Leigh, J. W. (1998). Communicating for cultural competence.  Toronto, Allyn and Bacon.

The ethnographic interview model, adapted from Spradley's research interviews with people from different cultures is used to develop a culturally competent means of working with and learning from clients whose cultural background differs from our own. The emphasis is on the beginning stages of the relationship and understanding the cultural world view of the client.

Journal articles and chapters

Burns, M. (1984). Rapport and relationship: The basis of child care. Journal of Child Care, 2(2), 47-58.

Fewster, G. (1987). The paradoxical journey: Some thoughts on relating to children. Journal of Child Care, 3(3), 1-8.

Fewster, G. (1990b). Growing together: the personal relationship in child and youth care. In J. Anglin, C. Denholm, R. Ferguson & A. Pence (Eds.), Perspectives in professional child and youth care: Part I, (pp. 25-40). New York: Haworth Press.

Krueger, M. A. (1991). Coming from your center, being there, meeting them where they're at, interacting together, counselling on the go, creating circles of caring, discovering and using self, and caring for one another: central themes in professional child and youth care. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 5(1), 77-87.

Krueger, M. (1994). Rhythm and presence: Connecting with children on the edge. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems. 3(1), 49-51.

Maier, H. W. (1988). Establishing meaningful contact with children and youth. Journal of Child and Youth Care. Special Issue, 1-6.

Maier, H. W. (1992). Rhythmicity - a powerful force for experiencing unity and personal connections. Journal of Child and Youth Care Work. 5, 7-13.

Parry, P. (1985). Relationships: A wide angle perspective. Journal of Child Care, 2(4), 1- 8.

Rose, L. (1990). On being a child and youth care worker. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 5(1), 21-26.

Berlin, I. N. (1997). "Attachment theory: Its use in milieu therapy and in psychotherapy with children in residential treatment." Residential Treatment for Children & Youth 15(2): 29-37.

An overview of attachment theory and its application for child and youth care practitioners in residential treatment settings. The importance of practitioner awareness of counter transference is discussed in the context of a treatment milieu.

Kass, R. and V. Mann-Feder (1995). "Identifying helping preferences: A workshop model for stimulating self-reflection in child and youth care workers." Journal of Child & Youth Care 10(3): 37-53.

This article describes a workshop model that was designed to promote awareness in workers of their own internal process as helpers. The core of the workshop is an interactive exercise for stimulating awareness of personal issues in relation to client interactions in child and youth care.

Parry, P. (1995). "One lesson that didn't lessen, or the power of five simple actions." Journal of Child and Youth Care 10(2): 43-48.

Parry presents 5 critical behaviours for quality child/youth care practice:
(1) never presume to know what is in a youth's best interest;
(2) assist young people to understand, to get a handle on whatever situation they are in;
(3) assist young persons to express their viewpoint in their way;
(4) make sure that if the young person has taken the time and trouble to understand their situation, and has had the courage to express their view, that they are expressing it to someone who can do something about it; and
(5) encourage a cooperative spirit (i.e., mutual respect).

Maier, H. W. (1991). "An exploration of the substance of child and youth care practice."  Child and Youth Care Forum 20(6): 393-411.

The substance of child and youth care practice is conceptualized within three major work spheres: 
1) contextual practice efforts; 
2) direct supportive and attachment-formation efforts; and 
3) the teaching of needed basic life skills. 
Each is continuously illustrated by practice examples. These hands-on practice suggestions serve here a dual purpose by highlighting the fact that care practice depends upon these seeming minutiae of care and contextual interactions, and by alerting student, practitioner, supervisor, policy maker, and teacher about the actual substance of child and youth care practice. (author)

Mentoring Care Leavers

Alexander, Jane.
(Spring 2000). Partnership for careleavers: mentoring Children's residential care unit newsletter. Vol. 12
The co-ordinator of Bristol Wings Project mentoring scheme explains how mentoring for careleavers has become part of service provision.

Ellis, Julia; Small-McGinley, Jan; De Fabrizio, Lucy.
( Summer 1999). "It's So Great to Have an Adult Friend": A Teacher-Student Mentorship Program for At-Risk Youth. Reaching today's youth. Vol. 3/4. pp. 46-50
Teacher-student mentoring programs can provide the support and direction that marginalized students need, particularly during the difficult transition into a new school. Here three Canadian high school students and their mentors describe their experiences in a successful mentoring program.

Alexander, Alison.
( Winter 1998).  Mentoring support for careleavers. Children's residential care unit newsletter. Vol. 10. pp. 12-13
The senior development officer on the joint NCB/Princes Trust Partnership for careleavers describes the project.

Cathcart, James.
(Spring 1998). Partnership for careleavers 1998: mentoring, involving young people and training. Children's residential care unit newsletter, 8, 14
Description of a range of new partnership activities for 1998/9.

Cathcart, James. (
Summer ). Mentoring for care leavers. Children UK, 17,14
Could a mentoring scheme for care leavers bridge the gap between the local authority care system and the broader community? Outline of an NCB initiative run in association with the Prince's Trust.

Cathcart, James.
(Summer 1998). Training volunteers to mentor young people leaving care. Children's residential care unit newsletter. No. 9. pp. 11-12
Report on the establishment of the new mentoring for careleavers project, and discussion of the issues involved in the training and support of volunteers.

Winchester, Ruth.
( Nov 1999). How will mentors fit in? Community care, 11-17 pp.12
Hard-pressed education social workers might welcome some extra support, but they might also like to know whether plans to recruit unqualified mentors pose a long-term threat to their jobs.

Alexander, Alison.
( Spring 2001). Mentoring for careleavers. Children's residential care unit newsletter, 15.
Both voluntary and statutory agencies have been exploring ways to improve the life chances of young people leaving care. Partnership for careleavers, a mentoring programme developed by NCB, The Prince's Trust and the Camelot Foundation, has made its mark as one of the successes. The author explains why it is an idea worth investing in.

And some videos/training packs:

Herts TEC, New chances new horizons: releasing potential through mentoring.

Herts TEC
ITEM Group
St Albans 1999

Renfrewshire Education Business Partnership. Mentoring: tackling underachievement and social exclusion. Renfrewshire Education Business Partnership. [Paisley](?) 1999

Alexander, Alison. (2000). Mentoring schemes for young people - training guide. National children’s bureau. Brighton


Internet
If you have an internet reference which is relevant to the material on this page please use the INPUT facility at the end of this page to let us know. 
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http://www.mclink.it/personal/MC2038/pt-chap.htm

An Etho-Cognitive Analaysis of 
the Patient-Therapist Relationship 

by Lucio SIBILIA, MD from: "The Patient-Therapist Relationship: its many Dimensions" 
edited by Stefania Borgo & Lucio Sibilia, CNR, Roma, 1994

This on-line chapter focuses on the following related issues: 

1. outline how the therapist-patient relationship has been approached in the cognitive social-learning perspective in psychotherapy; 

2. examine methodological problems related to an approach to the therapist-patient relationship exclusively based on attachment theory; 

3. propose a model compatible with clinical experience, able to describe some of its facets of relevance for change, and in particular the affective-emotional aspect.

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http://www.cyfernet.mes.umn.edu/research/youthfut1.html

Wisconsin Youth Futures
Technical Report #1


An Ecological, Risk-Focused Approach 
For Addressing Youth-at-Risk Issues

University of Wisconsin-Madison/Extension, Cooperative Extension

Karen Bogenschneider
Assistant Professor
Child & Family Studies
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Extension Family Policy Specialist 

Stephen Small
Associate Professor Child & Family Studies
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Extension Human Development and Family Relations Specialist 

David Riley
Associate Professor Child & Family Studies
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Extension Child Development Specialist 

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http://www.cmwf.org/programs/child/mclea277.asp

Mentoring makes a difference:
Findings from The Commonwealth Fund 
1998 Survey of Adults Mentoring Young People

Kathryn Taaffe McLearn, Diane Colasanto,

Offers a look at the experiences of Mentors and some ideas for what makes for successful mentoring relationships with youth.

 


Input
Please use the INPUT FACILITY to suggest any other material which you feel is useful to this subject area.