CHILD 
RESCUE

1. The child as primary client


2. Blaming parents – labelled as bad, pathological, undeserving

3. Child treatment focussed – natural parents excluded



4. Foster care viewed as an end in itself long-term substitute care for children


5. Services categorical – not connected and fragmented




6. Treating underlying pathology




7. More reactive and crisis-oriented


8. Child welfare agencies as systems of social control



9. Workers as social control agents 

10. Children as property

FAMILY
STRENGTHENING

1. The natural family as primary client

2. Supporting parents – seeing parents in the context of their environment

3. Family treatment focussed – families in need of assistance/apprehension – natural parents included

4. Foster care viewed as a means to an end short-term substitute care for children


5. Services more connected with more coordinated case management practices in place



6. Promoting competence and life skills training




7. More proactive and preventative 


8. Child welfare systems in crisis




9. Workers as therapists


10. Children with special developmental needs 

COMMUNITY
BUILDING|

1. Community as primary client, including all citizens

2. Empowering parents – seeing them as critical resources

3. Integrating family, individual, and community practice – parents as collaborative partners

4. Foster care viewed as a family social service resource – supplementary and substitute care

5. Services connected to social justice issues - distribution of power and resources - inequality, discrimination and poverty

6. Promoting collaborative partnerships families and parents being an integral part of all aspects of child welfare service delivery 

7. Community-based family resource centres promoting early intervention and outreach

8. Child welfare agencies empowered as collaborative partners with families, parents, and community

9. Workers as generalists


10. Children with rights as individuals