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ISSUE 29 • JUNE 2001

ADMINISTRATORS

Staff Morale

We look over the shoulder of Linda Lumsden as she writes of a familiar debate in the teaching profession ...

Teachers are being stretched to the limit. Expectations placed on them seem to be expanding exponentially. Increasingly their role encompasses not only teaching specific content and mentoring students in the love of learning, but functioning as frontline social workers.
In addition to being expected to deal with a smorgasbord of broader social problems that find their way into the classroom, many other pressures plague teachers, prompting Parks (1983) to ask, "How does one compensate professionals for inadequate books and supplies, large classes, disruptive students, public criticism, limited assistance, increased duties, and the lowest salaries paid to highly educated personnel in the nation? How does one lead a group in which morale is so low that over 40 percent of survey respondents would not again select teaching as a profession and 57 percent are definitely planning to leave, will leave if something better comes along, or are undecided about staying?"
Although Parks posed these questions in 1983, it appears that similar levels of dissatisfaction persist among teachers today. For example, a survey of Texas public school teachers in 1996 found that 44 percent of respondents were seriously considering leaving the profession (Henderson and Henderson 1996).
This article examines factors that may influence teacher morale and offers suggestions for preserving or restoring morale.

What Is Teacher Morale?

Morale has been thought of variously as a feeling, a state of mind, a mental attitude, and an emotional attitude (Mendel, 1987). One source defines morale as the feeling a worker has about his job based on how the worker perceives himself in the organization and the extent to which the organization is viewed as meeting the worker's own needs and expectations (Washington and Watson 1976). Another author conceptualizes morale as "the professional interest and enthusiasm that a person displays towards the achievement of individual and group goals in a given job situation" (Bentley and Rempel 1980).
When a healthy school environment exists and teacher morale is high, "teachers feel good about each other and, at the same time, feel a sense of accomplishment from their jobs" (Hoy and Miskel 1987).

What Are Some Factors that Affect Teacher Morale?

As noted above, a healthy school environment and high teacher morale tend to be related. A principal's ability to create a positive school climate and culture can affect teacher morale. As Adams (1992) states, "Principals, who control many of the contingencies in the work environment and are the source of much reinforcement for teaching behavior, are the keys to improving the morale and self-esteem of teachers."
A recent report on job satisfaction among American teachers identified "more administrative support and leadership, good student behavior, a positive school atmosphere, and teacher autonomy" as working conditions associated with higher teacher satisfaction (National Center for Education Statistics 1997). Favorable workplace conditions were positively related to teacher' job satisfaction regardless of whether a teacher was employed by a public or private school, an elementary or secondary school, and regardless of teachers' background characteristics or school demographics (National Center for Education Statistics).
The study also found that "teachers in any school setting who receive a great deal of parental support are more satisfied than teachers who do not." A weak relationship was found between teacher satisfaction and salary and benefits (National Center for Education Statistics).
Teachers' perceptions of students and student learning can also affect their morale. In a cross-cultural study of teacher enthusiasm and discouragement that included teachers from the U.S. and six other nations, "Teachers clearly identified students as the primary and central factor that has an impact on both their professional enthusiasm and discouragement.... Teachers almost universally treasure student responsiveness and enthusiasm as a vital factor in their own enthusiasm, and conversely list low motivation in students as a discourager" (Stenlund 1995).
Because of their relative isolation from other adults, teachers have little opportunity to share their successes with colleagues and administrators. This results in greater reliance on student responsiveness for teachers' professional satisfaction (Goodwin 1987).
Stress also affects morale. It can "result in emotional and physical fatigue and a reduction in work motivation, involvement, and satisfaction" (Stenlund). Feeling overly stressed can result in erosion of one's idealism, sense of purpose, and enthusiasm.

Why Is Teacher Morale Important?

Miller (1981) notes that teacher morale "can have a positive effect on pupil attitudes and learning. Raising teacher morale level is not only making teaching more pleasant for teachers, but also learning more pleasant for the students. This creates an environment that is more conducive to learning."
Morale and achievement are also related. Ellenberg (1972) found that "where morale was high, schools showed an increase in student achievement." Conversely, low levels of satisfaction and morale can lead to decreased teacher productivity and burnout, which is associated with "a loss of concern for and detachment from the people with whom one works, decreased quality of teaching, depression, greater use of sick leave, efforts to leave the profession, and a cynical and dehumanized perception of students" (Mendel citing Holt 1980).
In short, the morale of teachers can have far-reaching implications for "student learning, the health of the organization, and the health of the teacher" (Mendel).

What Steps Can Teachers Take To Preserve or Raise Their Morale?

Sometimes teacher morale drops almost imperceptibly over time, so subtly that teachers may not be fully cognizant of the decline. Nothing can change, however, in the absence of awareness. If teachers to be encouraged, they must first recognize their diminished status — that they are "discouraged — and take action to become 'couraged' again" (Bolin 1987).
Reassessment, when coupled with renewal, can often lead to encouragement. Reassessment involves reexamining something in order to value it again (Bolin). And renewal "implies recovery. To become renewed, teachers must reopen the case for teaching, looking again at why they chose to set out on such a vocational venture" (Bolin).
Berman (1987) also emphasizes the need for individuals "to give attention to the care and replenishing of self if they are to be dynamic, sensitive, perceptive persons — persons who get excited about ideas and people. Teachers need to be able to keep the freshness and spark that frequently mark a novice in the field, while at the same time embedding freshness in wisdom and thoughtfulness."
Berman advises teachers to consider what is uplifting and energizing for them and then work toward integrating those things more fully into their lives. She suggests breaking out of routines and doing the unusual, planning for next steps in professional development, developing a network of individuals to dialogue with, and investing fully in tasks at hand as routes to replenishment.

How Can Administrators Influence Teacher Morale?

People who feel empowered tend to have higher morale. As Maehr, Midgley, and Urdan (1993) state, "People are more personally invested in their work with an organization when (1) they have a voice in what happens to them; and (2) their work has meaning and significance in contributing to a higher purpose or goal."
The same writers: When teachers' sense of self-determination and purpose are supported, teachers relate to students in a qualitatively different manner .
By treating teachers in ways that empower them, such as involving them in decisions about policies and practices and acknowledging their expertise, administrators can help sustain teacher morale.
Principals can also strengthen teacher morale by actively standing behind teachers. Effective principals serve as guardians of teachers' instructional time, "assist teachers with student discipline matters, allow teachers to develop discipline codes, and support teachers' authority in enforcing policy" (Blase and Kirby 1992).
Although teachers can take steps individually to preserve their professional satisfaction and morale, they must also be nurtured, supported, and valued by the broader school community. When teachers are provided with what they need to remain inspired and enthusiastic in the classroom, students as well as teachers will be the beneficiaries.

RESOURCES
Adams, Charles F. " 'Finding Psychic Rewards in Today's Schools': A Rebuttal" Clearing House 65, 6 (July-August 1992): 343, 346-47. EJ465 147.
Bentley, Ralph R., and Averno M. Rempel. Manual for the Purdue Teacher Opinionnaire. West Lafayette, Indiana: The University Book Store, 1980.
Berman, Louise M. "The Teacher as Decision Maker." In Teacher Renewal: Professional Issues, Personal Choices, edited by Frances S. Bolin and Judith McConnell Falk. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1987.
Blase, Joseph, and Peggy Kirby. Bringing Out the Best in Teachers: What Effective Principals Do. Newbury Park, California: Corwin Press, 1992. 156 pages. ED341 165.
Bolin, Frances S. "Reassessment and Renewal in Teaching." In Teacher Renewal: Professional Issues, Personal Choices, edited by Frances S. Bolin and Judith McConnell Falk. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1987. 244 pages. ED277 678.
Ellenberg, F. C. "Factors Affecting Teacher Morale." NASSP Bulletin 56, 12 (December 1972): 76.
Goodwin, A. Lin. "Vocational Choice and the Realities of Teaching." In Teacher Renewal: Professional Issues, Personal Choices, edited by Frances S. Bolin and Judith McConnell Falk. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1987. 244 pages. ED 277 678.
Henderson, David L., and Travis W. Henderson. Texas Teachers, Moonlighting, and Morale: 1980-1996. Huntsville, Texas, 1996. 28 pages. ED398 179.
Hoy, Wayne K., and Cecil G. Miskel. Educational Administration: Theory, Research, and Practice. 3rd Ed. New York: Random House, 1987.
Maehr, Martin L.; Carol Midgley; and Timothy Urdan. "School Leader as Motivator." Occasional Papers: School Leadership and Education Reform. Urbana, Illinois: National Center for School Leadership, 1993.
Mendel, Phillip Charles. An Investigation of Factors That Influence Teacher Morale and Satisfaction with Work Conditions. Doctoral dissertation. Eugene, Oregon: Division of Educational Policy and Management, University of Oregon, 1987. 106 pages.
Miller, William C. "Staff Morale, School Climate, and Education Productivity. Educational Leadership 38, 6 (March 1981): 483-86. EJ243 839. National Center for Education Statistics. "Job Satisfaction Among America's Teachers: Effects of Workplace Conditions, Background Characteristics, and Teacher Compensation." Washington, D.C.: Author, July 1997.
Parks, David J. "Leadership in Times of Austerity." Educational Leadership 40, 5 (February 1983); 11-13. EJ276 370.
Stenlund, K. Vern. "Teacher Perceptions Across Cultures: The Impact of Students on Teacher Enthusiasm and Discouragement in a Cross-Cultural Context." The Alberta Journal of Educational Research 41, 2 (June 1995): 145-61. EJ508 939.
Washington, Roosevelt, and Hoyt F. Watson. "Positive Teacher Morale: The Principal's Responsibility." "NASSP Bulletin" 60, 399 (April 1976): 4-6. EJ149 639.

An ERIC Digest

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